Frequently Asked Questions

What is Autism?  
Autism is a brain disorder that often makes it hard to communicate with and relate to others. With autism, the different areas of the brain fail to work together.  Most people with autism will always have some trouble relating to others. However, early diagnosis and treatment have helped more and more people with autism to reach their full potential.
To learn more, go to the Kaiser Permanente Health Encyclopedia.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? 
ASD is a term that reflects the wide variability found in children with autism, and includes three main diagnostic classifications: Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS).  The cornerstone of ASD is a pronounced difficulty with social interaction.

What causes autism?
Autism tends to run in families, so experts think it may be something that you inherit. Scientists are trying to find out exactly which genes may be responsible for passing down autism in families. Other studies are looking at whether autism can be caused by other medical problems or by something in your child's surroundings.

Some people think that childhood vaccines cause autism, especially the measles-mumps-rubella, or MMR, vaccine. But studies have not shown this to be true, including in a recent CDC study co-authored by Dr. Croen in Pediatrics, October 2010. To learn more about the findings, read this summary. You can also view the published findings here: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/126/4/656  It's important to make sure that your child gets all childhood vaccines. They help keep your child from getting serious diseases that can cause harm or even death. To learn more, go to the Kaiser Permanente Health Encyclopedia.

What are common signs of autism?
Symptoms almost always start before a child is 3 years old. Usually, parents first notice that their toddler has not started talking yet and is not acting like other children the same age. But it is not unusual for a child to start to talk at the same time as other children the same age, then lose his or her language skills.
Symptoms of autism include:

• A delay in learning to talk, or not talking at all. A child may seem to be deaf, even though hearing tests are normal.
• Repeated and overused types of behavior, interests, and play. Examples include repeated body rocking, unusual attachments to objects, and getting very upset when routines change.

There is no "typical" person with autism. People can have many different kinds of behaviors, from mild to severe. Parents often say that their child with autism prefers to play alone and does not make eye contact with other people.
Autism may also include other problems:

• Many children have below-normal intelligence.
• Teenagers often become depressed and have a lot of anxiety, especially if they have average or above-average intelligence.
• Some children get a seizure disorder such as epilepsy by their teen years.

How is autism diagnosed?
There are guidelines your doctor will use to see if your child has symptoms of autism. The guidelines put symptoms into three categories:

• Social interactions and relationships. For example, a child may have trouble making eye contact. People with autism may have a hard time understanding someone else's feelings, such as pain or sadness.
• Verbal and nonverbal communication. For example, a child may never speak. Or he or she may often repeat a certain phrase over and over.
• Limited interests in activities or play. For example, younger children often focus on parts of toys rather than playing with the whole toy. Older children and adults may be fascinated by certain topics, like trading cards or license plates.

Your child may also have a hearing test and some other tests to make sure that problems are not caused by some other condition.
To learn more, go to the Kaiser Permanente Health Encyclopedia.

What is the chance that the younger brother or sister of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) will also have ASD?
It is very difficult to accurately estimate the sibling recurrence risk of ASD. Taking into account all studies to date, the closest estimate lies somewhere between 10% and 25%.
To learn more: Fact sheet about Autism Recurrence

What services do Kaiser Permanente ASD Centers provide?
The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Center provides in-depth developmental screening and assessment and clinical consultation by a multidisciplinary team representing the following disciplines: child and adolescent psychiatry, clinical psychology, pediatrics, behavioral and developmental pediatrics, pediatric neurology, genetics and other subspecialists.  Local child and adolescent psychiatry departments offer case management and support for childen with an ASD diagnosis.

Where can I learn more about Autism Spectrum Disorders?
There are a number of excellent Web sites designed for parents:

1. Centers for Disease Control:  If you are Concerned, Act Early
2. Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center ASD Center